Binary Terms

Aggregate functions in SQL evaluate the set of values and return a single value as a result. SQL has five aggregate functions count, average, maximum, minimum, sum. The aggregate functions, 'sum' and 'average' operate only on numeric values. While count, maximum, minimum can also operate on non-numeric data such as string. In this section, we will discuss the steps to … [Read more...] about Aggregate Functions in SQL

Set operations integrate the outcome of two entirely independent SQL queries. There are three set operations in SQL Union, Intersect, Except. These set operations are based on the principles of mathematical set theory. The set operations are applicable to the type compatible relations only, that means relations involved in operation must have an 'equal number of attributes' and … [Read more...] about Set Operations in SQL

­Integrity constraints ensure that when the authorized users modify the database they do not disturb the data consistency. Integrity constraints are introduced while designing the database schema. The constraints are specified within the SQL DDL command like 'create table' and 'alter table' command. Let’s see, the general form of 'create table' and 'alter table' command … [Read more...] about Integrity Constraints in DBMS

Null Value in SQL is the special value, allocated to an attribute in a relation that indicates, the information regarding the corresponding attribute is either unknown or doesn’t even exist. In this section, we will discuss the null values in detail. What is the Null Value in SQL? The null value assigned to an attribute in a relation specifies that the value for the … [Read more...] about Null Value in SQL

SQL Data Definition Language defines the set of relations in a database. SQLs DDL specifies the schema of each relation in the database and also the relevance between the relations in a database. So in this section, we will discuss SQL data definition language in detail. Content: SQL Data Definition Language Data Definition Language in SQL SQL Data Types DDL … [Read more...] about SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)

The relational data model provides conceptual tools to design the database schema of the relational database. The relational model describes the data, relationship between that data, data sematic and constraints on the data in the relational database. The relational model expresses the data and relationship among the data in the form of tables. There is a lot more to discuss … [Read more...] about Relational Data Model

Database Languages are the set of statements, that are used to define and manipulate a database. A Database language has Data Definition Language (DDL), which is used to construct a database & it has Data Manipulation Language (DML), which is used to access a database. DDL implements database schema at the physical, logical and external level. While, the DML provides the … [Read more...] about Database Languages

View of data in DBMS narrate how the data is visualized at each level of data abstraction? Data abstraction allow developers to keep complex data structures away from the users. The developers achieve this by hiding the complex data structures through levels of abstraction. There is one more feature that should be kept in mind i.e. the data independence. While changing the … [Read more...] about View of Data in DBMS

Entity Set is a collection or a group of 'entities' sharing exactly the 'same set of attributes'. All entities can be distinctly identified in an entity set. This is because all the entities have a different set of value for some set of attributes. We further classify the entity set into two basic categories Strong and Weak entity set. The collection of entity sets and their … [Read more...] about Entity Set