The processor is the main computing unit of any computer. The processor is a digital circuit made of a silicon chip that performs computation within a fraction of a second. The speed of a processor is measured in terms of megahertz (MHz). The term processor is often used interchangeably with the term CPU, i.e. central processing unit. Although the CPU is not the only … [Read more...] about Type of Processors
Demand Paging in Operating System
Demand paging in operating system is a fetch policy for a virtual memory that determines when a page should be brought into the main memory. In demand paging, a page is brought to the main memory only when demanded. Thus, we refer to it as demand paging. There is an alternative fetch policy for virtual memory that we refer to as prepaging. In prepaging, the pages other than … [Read more...] about Demand Paging in Operating System
Agents and Environment in Artificial Intelligence
Agents and environment are a part of every AI-based intelligent system. An agent is placed in an environment where it observes the environment and makes its own decision. It observes the environment with the help of sensors and acts on the environment through actuators. However, the term ‘bot’ – which is the abbreviation of the term ‘robot’ has become a common substitute for … [Read more...] about Agents and Environment in Artificial Intelligence
Array Processor in Computer Architecture
Array processor in computer architecture has multiple arithmetic logic units that enhance the system's performance. Majorly there are two types of array processors available: Attached Array Processor SIMD Array Processor The array processor is one of the approaches to parallel computers. What is Parallel Computer? A parallel computer has multiple processing … [Read more...] about Array Processor in Computer Architecture
Deadlock Avoidance in Operating System
Deadlock avoidance in operating system, is a general approach to deal with deadlock. In deadlock avoidance, the operating system analyzes each process’s resource request and determines whether granting the request would lead to deadlock or not. The system only grants the requested resource to the process only if the deadlock is impossible. What is Deadlock? Deadlock is a … [Read more...] about Deadlock Avoidance in Operating System
Fragmentation in Operating System
Fragmentation in operating system is a condition that occurs during contiguous memory allocation. In contiguous memory allocation, when user processes are loaded and unloaded from the physical memory, it breaks the free memory space into little pieces, which we refer to as fragments. Fragmentation is of two types, internal fragmentation and external fragmentation. Internal … [Read more...] about Fragmentation in Operating System
Assembly Language in Computer
Assembly language in a computer is a low-level programming language. The assembly language (ASM) is close to hardware and has direct control over it. But it is far different from machine language. ASM is easily readable by humans. ASM programs are processed by an assembler and converted to machine language. The ASM program consists of a sequence of statements, each … [Read more...] about Assembly Language in Computer
Control Signals in Computer Architecture
Control signals regulate the operations and coordination of all processor components while executing the instructions. It is the control unit of the CPU, which is responsible for generating control signals. If we divide the instruction cycle into two phases, it would be the fetch phase and the execution phase. Even the processor’s hardware is divided into two sections. The … [Read more...] about Control Signals in Computer Architecture
Memory Hierarchy in Computer Architecture
Memory hierarchy describes how the computer organizes the memory devices based on their speed, size and cost per bit. The various memory devices we use to design a system are registers, cache memory, main memory, and magnetic disks. All these memories operate at different speeds and have different costs per bit. Why Memory Hierarchy? How much memory (size) of each kind will … [Read more...] about Memory Hierarchy in Computer Architecture
Ethernet in Computer Networks
Ethernet in computer networks is wired technology we use to connect computers in a local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), and wide area network (WAN). Bob Metcalfe & David Boggs invented Ethernet in 1976 at Xerox’s PARC (Palo Alto Research Centre). However, it was introduced for commercial use in 1980. In 1983 “Ethernet” was standardized as “IEEE … [Read more...] about Ethernet in Computer Networks