Tuple relational calculus is a formal query language that we use to retrieve information from the relational database. It is a non-procedural query language, that only states what information has to be retrieved but, it does not state how the particular information has to be retrieved. We also refer to the tuple relational calculus as a declarative query language as it … [Read more...] about Tuple Relational Calculus
Database System Environment
The database system environment is comprised of the components that are meant for defining and managing the data that we collect, store, manage and use in the database environment. In the section ahead, we will discuss all the components that constitute the database environment and along with this, we will also discuss the system utilities that are used to control and manage … [Read more...] about Database System Environment
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) is also a transport layer protocol like TCP and UDP. SCTP protocol includes the best features of TCP and UDP along with this it also supports the new applications supporting voice over the internet. In this section, we will discuss the working of SCTP and we will also discuss services provided by SCTP along with its … [Read more...] about Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The transmission control protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented and reliable transport layer protocol that provides process-to-process communication. Like in user datagram protocol (UDP), we refer to the data transfer unit as user datagram in TCP we refer it to as a segment. Content: Transmission Control Protocol Introduction TCP Working TCP Services Advantages … [Read more...] about Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
User datagram protocol (UDP) provides connectionless and unreliable process-to-process communication. It is a transport layer protocol. UDP has less overhead and provides faster delivery of the packets. UDP packets are referred to as user datagrams. Content: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Introduction UDP Services Working UDP Applications Advantages and … [Read more...] about User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Selective Repeat Protocol
Selective repeat protocol is a sliding window protocol that uses the concept of pipelining where multiple packets can be sent while the sender is waiting for the acknowledgement for the first sent packet. The selective repeat protocol manages error and flows control between the sender and receiver. In this section, we will discuss the need for selective repeat ARQ (Automatic … [Read more...] about Selective Repeat Protocol
Go-Back-N Protocol ARQ
Go-back N ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)protocol is a practical implementation of the sliding window protocol. Well, there are two practical implementations of sliding window protocol, go-back-n and selective repeat. But in this section, we will be concentrating on the go-back-n protocol. Content: Go-Back-N Protocol Introduction Go-Back-N Definition Working with … [Read more...] about Go-Back-N Protocol ARQ
Transport Layer Services
Among the transport layer services, the most important is to provide end-to-end communication between the process running on a source host and the corresponding process running on the destination host. There may be several processes running on the source host at the same time and there may be several processes running on the destination host. It is the responsibility of the … [Read more...] about Transport Layer Services
Internet Group Management Protocol
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a network layer protocol that supports multicasting. The main task of the IGMP protocol is of managing the membership of the hosts in a multicast group. IGMP protocol is applicable between the host (active member of a multicast group) and the multicast router. We have three versions of this IGMP protocol where the IGMPv3 is … [Read more...] about Internet Group Management Protocol
Semiconductor Memory Types
Semiconductor memories are the volatile memory storages that store the program and data until the power supply to the system is ON. The cycle time of these semiconductor memories ranges from 100 ns to 10 ns. The cycle time is the time from the start of one access to the start of the next access to the memory. In this section, we will discuss all kinds of semiconductor … [Read more...] about Semiconductor Memory Types