Binary Terms

Semiconductor memories are the volatile memory storages that store the program and data until the power supply to the system is ON. The cycle time of these semiconductor memories ranges from 100 ns to 10 ns. The cycle time is the time from the start of one access to the start of the next access to the memory. In this section, we will discuss all kinds of semiconductor … [Read more...] about Semiconductor Memory Types

Multicast addresses are the IP addresses that refer to a group of hosts present in the same or on different networks. We refer to this group of hosts as a multicast group. Multicast addresses are ways to distribute a common data stream or service to the hosts in multicast addresses. Multicast Addresses in IPv4 Addressing in IPv4 can be classified into two kinds of addressing … [Read more...] about Multicast Addresses

Open shortest path first is a routing protocol that determines the shortest distance between two routers in an autonomous system. The OSPF protocol is developed on the basis of link-state routing that we discussed in our previous content. In this section, we will discuss the working of OSPF. We will also discuss the types of links in OSPF and also the types of OSPF … [Read more...] about Open Shortest Path First

Link state routing is an interior protocol that updates the routers inside the autonomous system i.e it is an intradomain protocol. The link-state routing was introduced to overcome the shortcomings of the distance vector routing protocol. The reason behind the replacement of distance vector routing protocol was it would take too long to propagate the information about the … [Read more...] about Link State Routing

Packet forwarding is the process of directing the packet towards its destination. As we know that Internet is a combination of several networks. A packet may belong to the same network as of source host or it may be for the destination host in a different network. So, a packet from a source host may have to travel many networks before reaching the destination. Packet … [Read more...] about Packet Forwarding

Routing information protocol (RIP) is a routing protocol that lets routers of an autonomous system inform each other about the changes inside the network. It is an intra-domain routing protocol as it updates the routing tables of routers inside an autonomous system. Routing specifies all those protocols that define the route of packets from source to destination across multiple … [Read more...] about Routing Information Protocol

Address mapping is a process of determining a logical address knowing the physical address of the device and determining the physical address by knowing the logical address of the device. Address mapping is required when a packet is routed from source host to destination host in the same or different network. Why Address Mapping? We know that the Internet is a collection of … [Read more...] about Address Mapping

IP over ATM is the transmission of IP datagram over a switched network such as ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). In our few earlier contents, we have seen transmission of IP datagram over the connectionless LAN and point-to-point WAN that uses the available line to communicate. In this section, we will discuss the transmission of IP datagram over the switched ATM WAN network … [Read more...] about IP Over ATM

Fragmentation is a technique implemented on a datagram at the network layer if the size of the datagram is larger than the size of the datagram that the corresponding network can forward. This technique involves the division of the large size datagram into smaller fragments. In this section, we will study all about the fragmentation of datagram in the network … [Read more...] about Fragmentation in Networking

The network layer function is to provide end-to-end communication between the two computers where the source and the destination computers may be in the different networks. When the source and destination computers communicate with each other the packet from the source has to travel through several LANs or WANs to reach the destination. As the packet travels across different … [Read more...] about Network Layer Functions