Both private and public IP address identifies a specific computer in a network but still, they differ in many ways. Private IP address is an IP address that identifies a specific computer in a private network. On the contrary, a public IP address identifies a specific computer over the global internet. Private address need not be unique universally but, it has to be unique in … [Read more...] about Difference Between Private and Public IP address
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method of mapping the private IP address of a private network to the public IP address of the global network and vice versa. With this method, the local host in a private network can access the internet. NAT is used at the routers as they help the router to identify that to which localhost the message is to be forwarded. In this … [Read more...] about Network Address Translation (NAT)
Special IP Addresses in IPv4
As in classful addressing, some blocks of addresses or some addresses in each block have been reserved for the special purpose & that’s why they are termed as special IP addresses. The special addresses of classful addressing were inherited by the classless addressing when it was introduced in 1996. There can be an entire block of addresses reserved for special … [Read more...] about Special IP Addresses in IPv4
Classless Addressing in IPv4
Classless addressing is a concept of addressing the IPv4 addresses. It was adopted after the failure of classful addressing. The classful addressing leads to wastage of addresses as it assigns a fixed-size block of addresses to the customer. But, the classless addressing assigns a block of addresses to the customer according to its requirement which prevents the wastage of … [Read more...] about Classless Addressing in IPv4
Classful Addressing in IPv4
Classful addressing is a concept that divides the available address space of IPv4 into five classes namely A, B, C, D & E. Nowadays, this concept has become obsolete and has been replaced with classless addressing. IP addresses, before 1993 use the classful addressing where classes have a fixed number of blocks and each block has a fixed number of hosts. In this section, we … [Read more...] about Classful Addressing in IPv4
Connection Oriented and Connectionless Services
Connection oriented and Connectionless services are the two data transmission services provided by the network layer protocols and transport layer protocols. The Connection oriented services establish a connection prior to sending the packets belonging to the same message from source to the destination. On the other hand, the connectionless service considers each packet … [Read more...] about Connection Oriented and Connectionless Services
Difference Between Entity and Attribute in Database
Entity and attribute are the most common terms of DBMS. The fundamental difference between the entity and attribute is that an entity is an object that exists in a real-world and can be easily distinguished among all other objects of real-world whereas, the attributes define the characteristics or the properties of an entity on the basis of which it is easily distinguishable … [Read more...] about Difference Between Entity and Attribute in Database
Aggregate Functions in SQL
Aggregate functions in SQL evaluates the set of tuple values and returns a relation with a single attribute carrying single tuple value as a result. SQL has five aggregate functions count, average, maximum, minimum, sum. Among these aggregate functions, only 'sum' and 'average' function operate only on numeric values only while count, maximum, minimum can also operate on … [Read more...] about Aggregate Functions in SQL
Set Operations in SQL
Set operations integrate the outcome of two entirely independent SQL queries. There are three set operations in SQL Union, Intersect, Except. These set operations are based on the principles of mathematical set theory. The set operations are applicable to the type compatible relations only, that means relations involved in operation must have an 'equal number of attributes' and … [Read more...] about Set Operations in SQL
Integrity Constraints in DBMS
Integrity constraints ensure that when the authorized users modify the database they do not disturb the data consistency. Integrity constraints are introduced while designing the database schema. The constraints are specified within the SQL DDL command like 'create table' and 'alter table' command. Let’s see, the general form of 'create table' and 'alter table' command … [Read more...] about Integrity Constraints in DBMS